Developments in the Middle East which is referred to as Islamic awakening and has been at the center of world politics for the past few years; with the developments in Tunisia And the collapse of Ben Ali’s government began and continued with the protests in Bahrain and spread to other countries such as Egypt and Libya. Although the occurrence of these developments and revolutionary and reformist movements is an objective and definite matter; But there is no consensus on the nature, causes and determining factors of it, so that in both practical and theoretical fields of politics, different causes are mentioned for these developments. If we want to look at this issue with an analytical view, it should be said that a set of
Domestic and international factors have formed the basis of the Islamic awakening movement, which are briefly explained below.
1- National variables: Many internal factors in the formation of Islamic awakening They have been involved in the countries of the Middle East region (including Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Bahrain), the most important of which are: A) Undemocratic and oppressive government: The role of the closed, undemocratic and oppressive nature of the political system in the formation of the revolutionary developments in the Khawatian and North African countries is undeniable; Because the ruling governments in these countries are conservative and traditionalist; Therefore, with any changes are severely threatened; So they try to prevent these changes. While democratization in many places
The world is developing; Kharomian governments still resist the change of their political systems and cling to power through alternative policies of imposition and collaboration, repression and reforms. b) Economic crisis and decline: The economy of a country is one of the most important variables that are taken into consideration when examining the developments of countries. For example, in Egypt, the biggest economic gap among Mubarak’s supporters, especially the military, was with the rest of the population, as a key variable in maintaining the military’s loyalty to Mubarak. The blessed government has a lot of freedom of action
The military was engaged in economic activity, as many military were involved in complex economic business. The role of the military in the economic structure of Egypt was always secret and complicated. Egyptian military from food production to economic infrastructure They played an extensive role during Mubarak’s rule. Little by little, these conflicts between the military and the masses of people became the basis of the awakening movement in Egypt. c) Religious and ethnic structure: In many cases, the ruling governments of the Middle East have not properly managed ethnic and religious conflicts. For this reason, the variable share
Ethnic and religious minorities and the ever-widening of existing gaps have been one of the most important internal causes of unrest in the Middle East and North Africa; In such a way that it has led to the formation of groups supporting the mentioned governments and protest groups with a wide spectrum from moderate to armed. For example, Egypt has always been considered as an Islamic society; This is while Anwar Sadat and Mubarak avoided any Islamization of the Egyptian society. From the point of view of former Egyptian officials, religious groups, especially the Muslim Brotherhood, are connected with the Islamic government of Iran, and the same view is shared by Egyptian politicians.
It limited the Islamists. Therefore, this country, with its secularist policies, prevented any form of Islamism from coming into power. d) Population structure: In recent decades, several factors such as gender inequality and special privileges for men compared to women in the society, as well as the lack of facilities for exploiting the young generation One of the other factors that caused the crisis was in the countries of the Middle East. Egypt is considered as one of the most populous countries in the Middle East, which has many young people; But according to some theoreticians, Mubarak’s lack of appropriate and correct response
Many of the needs of the young population created a crisis that eventually led to the fall of Mubarak.
2- International variables: By international variables, we mean the factors that have been brought under the name of systematic pressure on the unstable countries of the Middle East and have created grounds for transformation in them. As an international region, the Middle East has been characterized by permeability and influence in many historical periods, in a way that has caused accidents to a large extent. And it has been greatly affected by other international events. For this reason, it has always been considered as an area of interest by other non-group countries. One of the most important international factors that formed the foundation of the movement
Islamic awakening in the countries of Kharomianeh region has been due to: A) Penetrability against international media advertising: The invasion of powerful global media has become a doubly problematic for the countries of the Middle East. Among these issues, we can mention the effort to create political reforms in Islamic societies. In the developments in the countries of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Bahrain, we can clearly see this issue, that is, the creation of political reforms. It is possible to look at this issue from another angle, that the creation of a type of government from the perspective of the West in the style of Western democracies in the countries
Islam can provide their interests in a longer term; However, short-term benefits were also directed at them by the governments ruling these countries before the revolution. One of the most important efforts that was effective in changing the ruling system of the Middle East countries is the entry of virtual space into this field; As in the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions, some social networks such as Twitter and Facebook played a role. During the revolution, these media had become one of the most important tools of the protesters, in a way that increased their power and coordination ability. In addition,
One of the most important media that was active during these developments was the Al Jazeera satellite network, which supports the protesters and opposes the ruling governments, and provides real-time information to the revolutionaries. In general, it can be said that one of the most important reasons for these countries’ dislike of western media and virtual networks is the limitation of domestic media and the government’s strict control over domestic media and press, the most important examples of which can be found in He saw Tunisia and Libya. b) Reducing support for the oppressive government: The second international variable that plays an effective role in the formation of recent developments
It has played a role in the pressures exerted on these countries by the United Nations and the United States. Of course, both variables practiced patience and waiting at the beginning of the political transformations and effectively supported the creation of transformations since the probability of the previous governments becoming less likely to remain. Despite this, as a declarative and even practical policy, they increased the pressure on the ruling governments of these countries. At least according to the international conditions, the supporters of repressive regimes, led by the United States, adopted a policy of reducing support for the regimes of these countries, which is one of the necessary conditions for the formation of movements
It is considered revolutionary. The United Nations has exerted its most pressure based on the charter and the principles of the charter, and in order to implement the resolutions, it has used the Security Council as an executive arm, headed by the United States. Therefore, in examining the role of the United Nations in the expansion of the democracy process or at least its declared policy, the role of the United States should also be mentioned. America, as a trans-regional actor in the Middle East, claims that it seeks to spread democracy. From America’s point of view, with the expansion of liberal democracy and putting pressure on the countries of the Kharomian region, from this
In the long term, the way can maintain its interests in this region. c) The impact of the Iranian Islamic Revolution: Iran’s Islamic Revolution, as the first regional revolution against dictatorial regimes, has also played a decisive role in the formation of revolutionary movements in revolution-prone countries. This influence has been through helping to develop the revolutionary ideology of the opposition or what is called the political culture of opposition. The Islamic Republic of Iran is also the first government in the region to introduce free democracy and as an Islamic model that combines democracy and Islam.
It has had a special attraction among the Muslim nations of the region. Considering the fact that the mentioned countries are Muslim, the revolutionaries have aimed to use the more effective role of religion in politics, inspired by the ideology of political Islam crystallized in the Islamic Revolution and the Islamic Republic of Iran as an Islamic government. In the upcoming issues, the role and policies of Iran in Islamic awakening movements will be discussed in detail.
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