What is philosophy?

In the name of the one who taught life to think

The light of the heart is the light of life  on fire

Thanks to his grace, both worlds became clear

By his grace, he became a man  garden

 

Philosophy is a field of human knowledge that deals with questions and answers about very general issues and the position of man in them; For example, is the world and its composition and processes completely material? Does the creation of the world have a purpose? Can we find the definitive answer to some things? Are we free? Are there absolute values? The main difference between philosophy and science is that philosophical answers cannot be confirmed by experience or experiment.

From one point of view, two meanings can be considered for philosophy, in the first meaning, the meaning of philosophy is reflection and rational research, and it is about specific issues. Topics such as God , cognition, existence, ethics, human, mind, society, etc., in this sense of philosophy, philosophy is a knowledge with a specific subject that does not go beyond it. For example, in philosophy son  Sinai  and or Mulla Sadra  It means knowledge of its existence and attributes, or its absence Kant  Philosophy means rational reflection about human knowledge or philosophy Wittgenstein That is, research and reflection about language and… in such a perception of philosophy, philosophy is used in a limited sense and within a certain limited scope of the world, cognition, language, man, and in this sense, philosophy finds a general meaning and includes a wide field. It becomes in such a way that it includes all the limited areas that every philosopher has considered for himself. Now, what is meant by philosophy in the title ” History of Philosophy ” is actually the second meaning of the previous meanings, because what is studied under the title “History of Philosophy” is a wide range of philosophical topics, including existence, God, the world, man, ethics, It includes knowledge and…

Research in  The meaning of philosophy  It requires research in the meaning  History of philosophy  Is.

Philosophy, The life of thought  Is. Philosophy is the question of the existence of beings and science is the essence of beings. Philosophy Constant flow  and being on the way  Is.

Plato  The existence of existence is fixed and essential Aristotle  The origin of the work and Descartes  I am a thinker Kant  He called metaphysics as belonging to human nature and considered it unique in critical identification Hegel  He changed philosophy from its Greek meaning, which is the love of knowledge, and considered it to be the essence of knowledge and absolute knowledge. It is not possible to understand these meanings without understanding them, and this understanding cannot be achieved by simply reading and learning philosophy, that is, with the science of philosophy. Along the way in philosophical thought, it brings us to this meaning. With so much penetration in the past thinking and remembering it, the condition of every new thinking is. But the time must come – and maybe it will come soon – when human beings can hear the call that calls them to think, not with a nosy vote, but by leaving it, that is, leaving their control and self-reflection; Then the human goes from the concept to the meaning and the question of the heart disappears. When the question of the heart is raised, there is no need to separate the question and the answer anymore, but the question is the same as the answer. Philosophers confirm that it is not possible to go to the essence and nature of beings and things through the acquisition of science, but this is only possible with human beings and the principles of presence. Original thinking is to be in conversation with existence and thinkers. In the process of thinking, questions and answers come together at once.

William  James  He says: Philosophy is nothing but getting to the bottom of the facts of things and delving into their deep meanings, and finding the essential essence or as the saying goes in the series of facts. Spinoza  It is their essence; In this way, all the truths are united together and reach the “overall whole”.

There is pleasure in philosophy; Even in the mirage of the deserts of science  after nature  There is attraction and attraction. Every academic student understands this meaning until the decisive necessities of his material life have brought him down from the position of lofty thinking to the low land of economic struggle. Most of us have spent the golden days in the spring of our lives, in which we have understood the meaning of Plato’s words that “philosophy is a cherished pleasure.” In those days, the love for a simple truth mixed with error was far superior to physical pleasures and material pollution. We always hear a vague voice calling us to this first love of wisdom. We like  Browning  We think that: “My food and wine for education is the meaning of life”. Most of our life is meaningless and wasted in doubt and futility; We are regulars  that we fight inside and outside of us and  with  that  We feel that if we can, our soul  Beshkafimik is important  Meaningful  We find in it. We seek to understand things: “The meaning of life for us is self and what is related to it  we eat  Let’s turn it into light and flame.” Like  Mitya  In “Brothers  Karamazov”  From “we are the ones who need”.  A thousand  Alof They don’t have it, they just want answers to their questions.” We want to see the value and perspective of the things that pass our eyes, thereby removing ourselves from the storm of daily events. We want to distinguish the small from the big before it’s too late. And them as in fact and breathless Let’s see. We want to be smiling in the face of accidents and misfortunes and have a smile on our faces when we die. We want to be perfect and examine our powers and forces and arrange them and harmonize our desires, because orderly and orderly power is the last word of ethics and the art of politics and perhaps the last word of logic and metaphysics.  Thoreau  He says: “To become a philosopher, it is not enough to have narrow thoughts and even to establish a special school, it is only enough to love wisdom and live a simple, independent, honorable and reassuring life according to its rules.”

            If we only find wisdom, we can be sure that the rest will follow. But he instructs: “First, look for things that are good and righteous for the soul, rather than other things  increase  Or at least the lack of it will not be felt.” The truth does not make us rich, but it gives us freedom.

A word from Wittgenstein  There was that  Ashlik  He also mentioned that philosophy is not theory and doctrine, it is activity and practice. The result of philosophy is not a collection of true or false propositions, because sciences must deal with such propositions; Rather, it is simply the act of clarifying and analyzing, and in some cases, exposing garbage.

A sentence that is sometimes used is that the problem “is not solved, it is dissolved” which is one of the works of philosophy.

Great philosophers have always spoken in a language that ordinary people have understood and therefore, they have understood its essence and essence at least in a simple way. The central and basic vision of great philosophers is simple. (Russell)

The purpose of the philosopher is to express the truth, and therefore he is not professionally in the business of making value statements, his business is not to tell people what to do, because such statements are values, and therefore, in the strict sense of the word, not at all. It is true and not false. On the other hand, because his goal is to discover possible truths  contingent  And it is not experimental either. From a professional point of view, it does not issue composite and experimental judgments. The work of a philosopher is fundamentally different from the work of a teacher of ethics and a scientist. His professional work, based on the two differences we mentioned, is to discover such analytical truths that reveal the logical relationships between concepts. Philosophy is mainly an analysis of concepts

After being placed in the world, the first task that philosophy finds is description. The philosopher wants to examine and describe the ways and aspects of our being in the world.

The truth of philosophy is the unfolding of what exists and how it exists, and because it is historical, it appears in some way and with a name in every era.

The history of the development of humanity during culture building and civilization has all been blessed by philosophical thinking. Because the way of ears, eyes and nose can be closed and you can’t hear, see and smell, but the way of thinking and understanding cannot be closed, because it is not in the hands of humans and it is an internal and esoteric process.

according to belief Plato , the duty of philosophy is nothing but to replace faith with reasonable knowledge and to find reasonable proofs and reasons to prove the correctness of laws and precedents that are blindly obeyed by society. In other words, put all those laws and precedents to the test of reasoning and make sure of their correctness in the light of proof (and not in the light of faith).

Plato  And  Aristotle  Wonder is considered the beginning of philosophy.

 

Is philosophy really pointless? Why should you come to philosophy?

It seems that science is constantly progressing and philosophy is losing its territory, but this is only because philosophy is a heavy task and  eventful  and it consists of solving the problems that are still open  It is not open to the methods of science: like issues of good and evil,  beauty  and ugliness, predestination and choice, and life and death; As soon as a field of discussion and investigation provides accurate information with correct rules, science is born. Every science begins like philosophy and ends like art; It comes out with hypotheses and flows with action. Philosophy is a hypothetical interpretation of the unknown, or a hypothetical interpretation of things that have not yet been determined correctly and as they should be; Philosophy is the first crack that occurs in the fence of truth. Science is a conquered land, beyond which there are peaceful regions, where knowledge and art create our imperfect and wonderful world. Philosophy seems calm and puzzled, but this is because he the fruits He left his victory to his daughters, i.e. sciences, he continues his way towards the unknown and undiscovered lands and in this work, his appetite kingdom Satiety inadmissibility Even in this way, opposition to philosophy is a kind of philosophy itself.

Science consists of observing the results and studying the means; Philosophy is criticism and regulation  ends,  And because today there are a lot of tools and devices with interpretation and combination  ideals  And  ends  It is not appropriate, our life has become a noisy and crazy activity and has no meaning. The value of something depends on our desire, and its perfection is related to a plan or a whole. Science without philosophy is a collection of things that have no perspective and value and cannot protect us from murder and save us from despair. Science is knowing and philosophy is wisdom.

As we know, philosophy has a wide field, and anyone who has the power of thinking and the power of inference can say things about philosophical issues that were not before him.  think  Others have not arrived, so read  Margins  What scientists have written on philosophers’ books can be useful for those who want to know about philosophers’ theory.

No one can learn philosophy from another. Becoming a philosopher does not have a specific way or custom that can be cultivated by planning a philosopher.

If someone has not been interested in philosophy either by his own will or because the education system did not guide him in this way, what reasons can be given for him to develop such an interest?

Specifically, the philosophy of five types of discussion  about  Takes:

–          Logic: Observation and introspection, comparison and induction, Assumption and experience, analysis and synthesis are the forms of human activity that logic wants to prepare and regulate, this is dry and fruitless for most of us, but with that’s all The reforms that have been given to the people in the way of thinking and research are considered important events in the history of philosophy.

–            Science  Summary:  It is the study of the ideal form, or beauty, and also the philosophy of art.

–          Ethics: The study of perfect behavior is desirable, and the knowledge of good and evil, and the knowledge of practical and word-of-mouth wisdom Socrates is the highest science.

–          politics: Discussion in formations  ideal  It is society (and as they say, it is not the art of gaining power and government and maintaining it) and the actors of political philosophy are: Absolute government, aristocratic government, popular government,  socialism,  anarchism,  and supporting women’s rights.

Metaphysical science: The discussion is about the truth behind all things, that is, the real nature of matter (science  existence) and soul (metaphysical psychology) and the relationship between “soul” and “matter” in perception and knowledge (discussion about human knowledge or “identification”).

 

Source:  Mulla Sadra  – Henry Corben