The necessity of collective work can be studied and investigated from various aspects; Because it is not possible to do some things individually, and it is necessary to do it in a group, like lifting a heavy weight that requires the strength of many people. Sometimes, although it is possible to do the work individually, it requires a lot of expense and pressure, which cannot be compared to the collective form in terms of the quality of the execution.. Not doing the work as a group means not using the facilities we have, those who have the ability to be next to us and in a group, with their different abilities, each one is a potential capital that is not rational to ignore them. is not
Also, in the era of technological leaps, we are in a heavy competitive situation in all economic, cultural and political fields. In a situation where competitors use the benefits of collective activities to implement large projects and thereby increase their dominance over the world, indifference to the benefits of collective work can weaken our position in the world .
In addition, without conscious and coordinated group activities, we may neutralize, destroy or repeat each other’s work .
In religious texts, you can find proofs and proofs for the necessity of group work, which, of course, according to the previous content, these statements will be guided by reason. Therefore, religious evidence refers to two points: One is to confirm the rational analysis based on the necessity of collective work, and the second is to discover the way of group work from the perspective of religion .
According to the Qur’anic and narrative evidences, what is of special importance for the holy law is the principle of doing the duty by the human being, and often in the matter of the duties, the way of doing it is not mentioned. Therefore, in the first place, it seems that we, as Muslims, are obliged to carry out those orders, and the way of implementation is also left to our own taste and choice in many cases, and of course, that a duty in the form of Do it collectively or individually, it is usually not emphasized.
But in some verses and traditions, there are themes that indicate the importance of working groups, for example in the verse: “Cooperation of Ali Al-Barr and Al-Taqwai” is ordered to cooperate in all good deeds .
Of course, the life of the prophets and religious elders in fulfilling their divine mission can also be examined, but the question is, have we had any cases where they did this as a group?
Undoubtedly, Almighty God placed the mission of conveying the message on the shoulders of the prophets, and if some of the divine prophets carried out this mission in a group or with the help of other people, it was because of the advantages that existed in it .
Some Quranic evidences in support of group work are :
” Az Arslana Eliham Ethnin Faqzbohama Fazazna Bathalth Faqalwa Ana Alikum Merslon” (1 ) God Almighty first sends two messengers to guide the people of Antioch, and after they are rejected by the people, he sends a third messenger .
From the appearance of this verse, it can be seen that their collective presence among the people has been considered necessary by God, although in practice, it has not given results. Of course, due to the fact that the Holy Qur’an does not provide more details in this regard, it is not possible to know or provide an analysis of how these messengers work together. Of course, the failure to mention details may be because the principle of warning and evangelism of these messengers is important in God’s eyes, and the manner of carrying out this mission (individual or group) cannot be mentioned. Anyway, it can be said that a not so complicated group work has been done by them .
““Falula Nafer Man, the entire group of them, Ta’ifah Litfaqhwa fi al-Din wa Linzarwa Qomham Aza Rajjawa Eliham Lalham Yaharrun” (2) from some words of this verse, the emphasis on collective work can be extracted. Like the word Taifah, which refers to at least three people, and this is the reason why the verbs “tafqa”, “adhar” and “return” are plural .
Other verses also indicate this, among which the following verses can be mentioned: «واعتصموا بحبل الله جمیعا ولا تَفَرَّقُوا وَ اذْکُرُوا نِعْمَتَ اللَّهِ عَلَیکُمْ إِذْ کُنْتُمْ أَعْداءً فَأَلَّفَ بَینَ قُلُوبِکُمْ فَأَصْبَحْتُمْ بِنِعْمَتِهِ إِخْواناً وَ کُنْتُمْ عَلی شَفا حُفْرَةٍ مِنَ النَّارِ فَأَنْقَذَکُمْ مِنْها کَذلِکَ یبَینُ اللَّهُ لَکُمْ آیاتِهِ لَعَلَّکُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ * وَ لْتَکُنْ مِنْکُمْ أُمَّةٌ یدْعُونَ إِلَی الْخَیرِ وَ یأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَ ینْهَوْنَ About the unbelievers, and those are the prosperous * And do not be like those who divided and differed; after us came the proofs, and to them will be a great punishment (3))
And help in righteousness and piety, and do not help in iniquity and enmity, and fear God, for God is severe in punishment” (4 )
If God willed, I would have made you a single nation, but I will give you my love for you, so stay in charity” (5 )
” Say, I only exhort you to stand up to the Lord of Mathani and Faradi, and then think about your Lord from Paradise, if He is only a prophet for you.” (Yid 4 )
Benefits and blessings of teamwork
۱٫ Co-thinking and strengthening ideas: From the gathering of people, strong ideas and strong opinions are produced. Students of religious sciences have experience in debates and are very familiar with the benefits of conflicting opinions and generating intellectual sparks during debates. Imam Ali (a.s.) has said: “Al-Azrbawa, some opinions are born from me, al-Sawab” (5 )
When people get together to do a task and think and comment on how it should be done, the initial plan to do the task is very rich and comprehensive, if only one person thinks about it, the result Its final will not be so privileged and special.
۲٫ Empathy and strengthening motivations: The human motivation in the group is intensified. When we connect with others, our hope to complete the task increases and our endurance to persist in pursuing the destination increases . Observing the movement and actions of others makes us move and act and gradually restores the erosion of motivation .
۳٫ Synergy in product quantity and quality: Group work causes the quantity and quality of work to be higher and better than individual work. In other words, the result of group work is always greater than the sum of individual abilities .
۴٫ Raising efforts: Man does not think of great and wonderful goals as an individual, but when he feels himself among a group, it will be possible for him to imagine creating great works. For example, none of us imagines building an apartment on our own and does not plan for it, but if a group of sympathizers gathers together, they may work hard and take action to build a large apartment .
۵٫ force training: Group work develops the intellectual and practical power of the members. In the group, people learn from each other and human resources are created more quickly and easily. And this power comes from the fact that it puts human thoughts in public, under test and criticism, and its weak and strong points are revealed. Human experiences are also accumulated. Those who work individually, although they may be the origin of great works, but when they leave, no one will be found to continue their path and replace them. But in a group, everyone grows together and benefits from each other, and the group activity will not be based on the individual .
۶٫ A sense of belonging to others: In collective work, all members feel responsible for the work and see themselves as belonging to it. Everyone moves with the same mission and goal, and since they see that work can only be done with the cooperation of others, they also feel dependent on others. All are on the same front and act as one unit. In this way, the victory and success of each one is the victory of all and causes the pride and happiness of all, and the failure and failure of each one is the failure of all. The point that each person gets from his successful activity is not only his own, but it is written at the feet of his team. In a team, when one person scores, everyone is happy. Everyone feels responsible for the success of others, and not only does the feeling of competition and jealousy disappear, but it is necessary to strive for the success of others and the development of their capabilities and products .
Pathology of teamwork
It should be noted that a working group is not only a group of volunteers to participate in an activity, but also has a special organization, without which, added value cannot be achieved. A working group, in addition to group members, needs a leader and a communication system; That is, it has a special method and workflow that connects the members to each other and to the leader of the group. For example, if several computers are to work together in a network, a central server will be needed, which has a special operating system .
Therefore, failure in teamwork can be found in one of these three factors: Qualified members, effective management, appropriate methods .
Some other possible harms of collective activities are as follows .
۱٫ Group work overshadows individual growth. Those who have a higher power of individual growth, because they have to be accompanied and coordinated with the group, they have to slow down and follow the slow and weak people of the group .
۲٫ People’s flaws are hidden in the crowd, so that for people who are weaker than others, this illusion occurs that because they are in the same group with strong people, they can ignore their problems and possibly ignore them and try to Do not solve it. Weak people, along with strong people, unconsciously think that things always go well and there is no need to rebuild character and improve skills .
۳٫ Movement in group work is slower than individual work and causes delays in action. This means that if people have the necessary motivations, because they need the coordination and companionship of all or most of the people in the group, they should spend time to coordinate and accompany other members of the group. Individual mode does not need such coordination and will be more efficient in terms of time.
۴٫ Disappointment and mistrust are the first signs of encountering obstacles and problems in a collective movement. Many times, when a collective movement encounters a problem that slows it down, or even threatens to stop it altogether, one of the simplest “reactions” is that the nature of the “collective” to question its existence. The laziness and separation of some group members during the break makes the work of the group worse. In other words, if the collective work is not completed to the end, there may be no benefit from the work, while in individual work, a person does not wait for anyone at any moment, and therefore, the possibility that his work is fruitless from the side of others. will be very low.
۵٫ In group work, it is necessary to spend part of the energy in organizing, monitoring and controlling the work, while in individual work this energy is not needed. If there is no coordination, the results of people’s work may be neutralized or reversed by others .
۶٫ In the network of group relations, there must be the skill of maintaining relations, and solving contradictions, problems and issues. If these skills do not exist, groups will have problems, not having collective work skills is considered one of its problems and damages .
The nature of teamwork
Group work consists of: The set of conscious, coherent and coordinated efforts of people to achieve a common goal or goals and results in synergy in the product ( result) .
There are three basic points in this definition, which must be analyzed .
Being intentional and conscious
The conscious adverb in this definition excludes those efforts that are forced and unconscious in a collective format. In other words, if some individual activities are coordinated with the individual activities of others in a completely accidental situation and create some kind of synergy, then it is not considered group work in our opinion. In other words, because our will did not have an effect on the formation of such a group activity, it will not be examined here. For example, the society’s need for all kinds of clothes (suits, sports clothes, Ihram clothes, wedding clothes, work clothes, baby clothes, underwear, mourning clothes, winter clothes, etc.) It is not provided collectively, but since the clothing manufacturers, without any prior planning and coordination, each of them only take on a part of this wide need and try to solve it according to their own taste and judgment, so this collective effort is beyond our definition. Is. Also, if the preaching of the clergy in the cities, villages and preaching centers does not have a coordinating headquarters and it only arises from the recognition and feeling of the necessity of the clergy, although it covers a wide range, it is not a collective work. The activity of ants or bees, which instinctively and unconsciously divide work and distribute roles, is also out of our discussion .
Coherence and coordination
Coordination between group members can be imagined at two levels: One is that the activity of each group member does not conflict with the work of other group members and does not interfere with the activities of others. The second and higher level is that each person’s activity is also considered to help their work. The desired level in an optimal teamwork is the second level, and therefore, in this section, it is necessary to clarify how to achieve this level of coordination among members. There are two groups of agents among the group members through which the level of group coordination can be increased: One is common factors, which refers to how the members are placed in the group, and the other is internal and individual factors. These two have an impact on both group cohesion and each other. The factors of the first group should be optimally considered when designing the group, and the internal factors should be considered and acted upon by the group members personally in order to achieve a high level of group cohesion, which we refer to some of these personal factors here. do:
۱٫ Belief in teamwork .
۲٫ Having teamwork skills .
۳٫ The spirit of obedience to the elected leader .
۴٫ Special discipline in personal matters .
۵٫ Organizational work spirit, including that :
Recognize the boundaries, limits, duties and powers defined in the group .
to accompany the crowd even in matters that are against their personal opinion. (Opposition should be before decision-making and in the conflict of votes stage, but after group decision-making, personal opinions should be put aside and empathetic efforts should be made to realize the group’s goals ).
have commitment and conscientiousness, (everyone should feel comfortable that the person will perform the assigned duties efficiently ).
Accept responsibility as much as possible .
In making decisions, observe the principle of consultation .
have the ability to make decisions within the limits of their respective powers and responsibilities (the individual should not wait for the group’s decision for all the details ).
۶٫ Overcoming personal interests for the benefit of the group’s goals .
۷٫ Tolerating slow personal growth due to being with a group .
۸٫ Tolerating the natural slowness of group work .
۹٫ Tolerating lower level people and encouraging them to grow and progress instead of verbally and practically blaming them .
۱۰٫ Acceptance of membership in the group is only in case of coordination between personal goals and group goals, otherwise, neither they suspend the group themselves nor the group suspends themselves .
۱۱٫ Adjusting the program of other activities in terms of collective programs and creating coordination between them .
۱۲٫ Seriousness in performing the assigned task in such a way that the type of work, the behavior of others and other factors do not affect the will and seriousness of the person .
۱۳٫ Sincerity in performing duties; It means that every member should only seek to improve his relationship with God, not things; Such as seeking points and competing with others .
tip: Group work only works if group members can trust the work of others. Therefore, if the group members do not trust another’s work, they must either do it themselves or check and revise it again, which makes the work out of the group. For this purpose, it is necessary for everyone to adhere to the above criteria as much as possible in order to achieve and strengthen this good trust, which include :
Some common factors include: Group goal setting system, group leadership style, member performance evaluation system, relationship system (organizational relationships and emotional relationships) between members Below are some points about these factors .
Group targeting system
People have different goals and concerns according to the amount of information, the level of analysis, as well as other forces that are effective in directing their motivations. Doing group work in such a situation has two images: One is that by joining the group, people put aside their individual goals and motivations and accept the goals of the group, and this happens when a person sees the goals of the group and the group as a whole superior to personal goals and motivations. In other words, after examining the group and its goals, the person feels that the goals that he previously imagined for himself have problems and the collective goal does not have the corresponding problems .
The second case is that a person finds a suitable group to realize his personal goals and motivations and tries to pursue his goals by being in that group, in this case, people work as a group for individual goals. do Therefore, setting goals for the group must be the result of the personal goals of the members, and the goals that are determined from outside or by some members of the group make the group vulnerable .
Everyone creates harmony between the system of personal goals and interests and the system of group goals, and if the group members individually find and strengthen this harmony, they contribute a lot to the harmony and success of the group. If attention is weakened, then gradually the person loses the feeling of belonging to the group. Therefore, the goal set for the group must be regularly reviewed by the group members, the result of which will be either strengthening their motivation and harmonizing the individual goal with it, or possible defects in the goals will be removed with the coordination of other group members, which with This will ensure the continuity of the group’s activity.
Group leadership style
The leader of the group has a special and very important role in group work, and the training of a leader requires special training, which is the first important characteristic of a leader, being accepted by the group. The leader must have a spiritual authority in the group and be trusted by its members. Leaders who are elected with high votes from competent group members are more successful in doing their jobs. The leader must have a lot of experience in group work and according to the level of the group’s goals, he must have the necessary abilities in managing affairs. He must have a very sharp and precise ear to hear everything and understand different points of view. If a member considers his thoughts ahead of the group, he alone has made a grave mistake, but this same mistake on the part of the leader causes the group to completely break up .
The leader’s duty is not to judge different opinions, but his duty is to: Finding the necessary solutions among the opinions of each person in the group for the issue under discussion, categorizing them, helping to develop them through methods such as brainstorming and collective discussion, and finally putting them to a vote. Therefore, the one who has the authority to judge and make decisions is the group and not the leader. In this field, the leader; Because the leader has only one vote like other members .
The leader should not make any difference between the group members and defend the right of each group member to participate in its goals. Therefore, the rights and duties of the group leader in meetings and between meetings can be broad or limited, but it is necessary to be compiled and approved by the assembly .
Performance evaluation system of group members
Is there a difference between group work with material goals and group work with spiritual goals in methods, rules and mechanisms? What are these differences?
There are two types of people’s motivation to participate in groups and organizations: 1. Achieving material benefits, such as money, position and fame; 2. Achieving spiritual growth. In organizations and groups that are based on purely material motives, proportional motivational forces, such as money and prosperity, have been able to bring people closer to the goals of the group to some extent, but in spirituality-oriented organizations, the structures and organizations should be It should be such that people feel that the spiritual goal is being achieved while playing their role. Of course, part of this matter is due to the introspection and reflections of people. And the other part is affected by the way of valuing and valuing, which will exist within a group or organization. If this role is not played properly in a spirituality-oriented organization, people will violate some moral and spiritual standards to achieve some material issues, such as acceptance, fame and leadership, which will be a violation of the purpose .
member relations system (organizational and emotional relations )
Conflict and conflict are inevitable in group work, in order to resolve possible conflicts in the group, a reference must be appointed as the judge and trustee of the members .
Using the ethical technique of ignoring. If we notice in our calculations that group work – Whether we achieve apparent results or not – there is a real result when: We should seek God’s pleasure and also know that Mullah’s pleasure is in helping people grow, not in beating them, and also understand that humans are on the path of evolution and that mistakes and negligence and even fault are natural things. , we will come to the conclusion that our view of other members should be educational and compassionate, in which case, many problems that occur in the relationships between group members will be gradually corrected with appropriate waivers..
Synergistic
The synergistic condition, which is mentioned in the definition, makes it clear that if some people gather together and do group work, but the result of their work is equal to the sum of their individual efforts, this work is not considered group work. Consider a community of ants that have obtained a store of wheat and to transport this wheat to their nest, each of them carries a wheat on their shoulders and carries it to the nest. This work, which is considered to be a kind of group work due to the large number of ants and their community in a single place, is out of our definition because it is not synergistic .
In some cases, the result of group work may be even lower than individual work; It means that not only there is no synergy, but also a straw has occurred. For example, when a community of ants to transfer wheat from the warehouse to the nest, causes traffic and blocking the road, and for example, instead of moving 20 grains of wheat each in one hour, they only manage to transfer 10 grains. Our definition is out.
An objective example of synergy in cultural work can be seen in enjoining good and forbidding evil. It is possible that the warning of one person does not affect the perpetrator and he continues his work, but when several people warn him at short intervals, he becomes unconsciously upset and regrets his work and finally decides to leave it. That is, collective prohibition of negation has an effect that individual prohibition of negation does not have independently. This example of synergy may happen in a situation where there is no coordination and coherence between the warning people, now if we imagine a model where these people have the intention of forbidding evil in a coordinated way, in a shorter time and with a deeper effect. They can see the effect of their work.
Types of teamwork
Group work can be considered in different ways, which include :
۱٫ Sometimes individual work is done together with the group; That is, group work is a collection of several individual works, which itself has two modes :
a: Since it is possible for individual work to be harmful; such as reducing motivation, the individual decides to do the same individual work together with the group to reduce its pests. In this type, group work is not actually done, but individual work is done in the presence and with the company of others. It’s like climbing a mountain where everyone is supposed to go to the top together and only to provide motivation, they do it together with others. (general simile of absorption )
b: Some individual goals are only possible with the presence of the crowd, not that the presence of the crowd is only facilitating or motivating. Just as a person wants to increase his speaking ability, to achieve this goal, he needs a group presence as an audience. But in any case, in this assumption, individual work is done only in the presence of the group and group work is not followed in the real sense .
۲٫ The set of people in the group do a general task, which can only be achieved with the cooperation of the group, and it is not the case that everyone does their individual work and gets help from the presence of the group only to achieve their goals, but a collective task. It is assumed that everyone has a share in its realization, not a few independent works. In this type of group work, the result of the sum is more than the sum of the results. For example, in a football game, due to teamwork, it is possible to pass, which increases the speed of the ball transfer on the field, and if everyone were to carry the ball to the end of the field by themselves, the speed of the ball transfer would increase. was coming down In another example, it is possible to consider the construction of a large building, such as the Milad Tower, where different specialties have joined hands to form this overall work, and it is not possible to build such a building with individual work, and the Milad Tower is the product of group work. . (Overall similarity) Thus, group work has an added value compared to individual collective work .
For example, when we hear news from multiple sources, if the number of sources exceeds a certain limit, the possibility of the opposite disappears and we become certain that each of these reports could not have created it in us (news frequency). That is, what each reporter does alone is not certain, but when these works are put together, it creates added value. It is the same in induction, when we observe many examples, as a result of their multiplicity, a certain state is obtained that could not be created in us by observing them individually.. The same thing happens in the matter of good and forbidding collective evil, which we discussed earlier .
In all these examples, the effect of collective work was similar due to the repetition of the same phenomenon, but sometimes in collective work, the components of the work are not similar to each other. For example, in the construction of a large building, each expert does his own work that is not done by others, and therefore this work complements the work of others, not repeating the work of others .
Some questions about teamwork
Is the perfection defined for mankind by God individual perfection or can it only be achieved as a group? Or is individual perfection achieved in the light of movement in the community?
Do the works by their nature require to be described as individual or collective, or are they done individually or collectively due to external needs and factors?
What seems to be the focus is that being collective or individual is about the way the work is done and does not arise from the nature of the work. In this case, according to what requirements should a work be done collectively and under what conditions should the work be done individually?
In what way did the prophets and saints fulfill their mission? Individual or group? If it was a group, what was its quality and how many types of group work have we had in the history of Islam? Is group work a requirement of the complex situation of modern society or is this method necessary in simple and primitive societies as well?
What is the difference between collective labor and individual labor?
In cases where something is repeated by several people, for example, how many missionaries go to a certain place in different promotional periods, is such work considered merely repetition or can synergy be observed in this case as well?
What is the criterion of unity and cohesion of a group? Common goal and common goal? Unit method? Obedience to the unit commander? Or is it to obey the commander and coordinate with other members of the group in order to achieve the common goal? In the recent case, what does this coordination mean? And to what level should this coordination include the activities of people in a group?
What is the role of structures and organization of relationships between group members in the quality of group work? Is it possible to guarantee that the group succeeds in performing its tasks by organizing the relationships between the group members well, or that in addition to the proper organization of relationships, there should be a plan to strengthen the motivations and also a plan to create emotional relationships among the group members. ?
Where is the place of personal goals and interests in group work? Should people who participate in group work put aside their personal interests and motivations for the benefit of collective work, or should they be with the group only to the extent that their personal interests are met in the group?
What is the relationship between individual identity and collective identity? What does collective identity contribute to individual human development? Does the growth and movement that happens in collective work necessarily lead to individual growth? Since it is not possible to predict in advance that collective work will necessarily be successful, what guarantee is there that if a person is unsuccessful in group work, he will not fall behind in his own personal development?
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